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Bitcoin News Today

February 16, 2026
AI Summary
Cardano Advances Governance Model with Voltaire Era Implementation

Cardano Advances Governance Model with Voltaire Era Implementation

Cardano (ADA) continues its methodical march toward full decentralization, with market activity on February 16, 2026, reflecting the successful implementation of key governance features from the Voltaire roadmap era. The network now boasts a fully functional on-chain governance system, allowing ADA holders to vote directly on protocol upgrades and treasury allocations. This shift has energized the community, leading to an increase in total value locked (TVL) as new decentralized applications (dApps) receive funding and support directly from the ecosystem's treasury. Price performance for ADA remains stable, characterized by slow but steady growth rather than explosive volatility. This aligns with the project's philosophy of peer-reviewed research and high-assurance code. Institutional interest in Cardano is growing specifically in the realm of digital identity and supply chain tracking, where the blockchain's reliability is paramount. However, the token faces stiff competition for liquidity from faster, more aggressive chains. For ADA to break its current resistance levels, analysts believe the ecosystem needs to see a breakout viral application that drives massive transaction volume beyond governance participation.
Notice: For information only. Not financial advice. Do not rely on this for trading.

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Bitcoin Disclosure

1. Issuer Information
  • ADA was initiated by the Cardano project.
  • Core development is handled by three entities:
    • IOHK (Input Output Hong Kong): Founded in 2015 by Charles Hoskinson (former Ethereum co-founder) and Jeremy Wood, headquartered in Hong Kong, and responsible for technology R&D.
    • Cardano Foundation: A Swiss non-profit organization established in 2016 to promote and oversee the protocol.
    • Emurgo: A Japanese company focused on commercial applications and ecosystem development.
  • The whitepaper was written by Charles Hoskinson and the IOHK team and published in 2017.
  • Cardano launched its mainnet on September 29, 2017, and is now jointly governed by a decentralized community and the listed entities.
2. Issuance Plan Description
  • ADA launched its mainnet on September 29, 2017.
  • The total supply is fixed at 45 billion coins, issued in phases.
  • Initial allocation:
    • Approximately 25.927 billion coins (57.6%) were sold in a public crowdsale between 2015-2017.
    • 5.17 million coins were allocated to IOHK.
    • 5.17 million coins were allocated to Emurgo.
    • 2.06 million coins were allocated to the Cardano Foundation.
  • The remainder is gradually released through Proof-of-Stake (PoS) mining (staking rewards).
  • The plan has five stages (Byron, Shelley, Goguen, Basho, Voltaire), aiming to transition from centralized launch to full decentralization.
  • Staking rewards are approximately 4.5%-5% annually (about 1–1.5 billion coins).
  • The ecosystem is supported long-term through transaction fees and the treasury.
  • There is no minting of new coins; some fees are burned or deposited into the treasury (Voltaire phase starts).
3. Issuance Quantity, Price, and Other Subscription Conditions
  • The total issuance amount is 45 billion ADA.
  • Fund allocation:
    • 50% for technology development (IOHK).
    • 30% for ecosystem promotion (Cardano Foundation).
    • 20% for commercial applications (Emurgo).
  • Supplementary data on the ICO:
    • The ICO fundraising period was from Q4 2015 to Q2 2017.
    • Five rounds were conducted, each with a different sale ratio.
    • 1 ADA = $0.0024, with approximately 25.927 billion coins sold in total.
  • Subscription conditions: Participation in the ICO required BTC or ETH, with a minimum purchase of $10.
  • The ICO was limited to users in Japan, Asia, and specific regions (excluding the US and China).
  • Later, ADA could be obtained through staking (minimum 2 ADA to join a pool) or exchange purchase.
4. Public Offering and Listing Information
  • The whitepaper does not disclose relevant information.
  • Supplementary data shows it was listed on exchanges (like Binance) on November 29, 2017.
5. Relevant Project Information
  • The Cardano project aims to build a third-generation blockchain, with ADA as its native token.
  • Goals include:
    • Achieving high security and scalability, addressing Bitcoin's energy consumption and Ethereum's fee issues.
    • Supporting smart contracts (Plutus launched during the Goguen phase in September 2021 via the Alonzo hard fork).
    • Promoting decentralized applications (DApps, such as DeFi, NFT).
  • Hydra was launched in 2022 to increase throughput (targeting 1 million TPS).
  • The long-term aim is a sustainable platform; the Voltaire phase (planned for 2025) will introduce treasury voting and complete autonomy.
  • Applications include education (Ethiopian academic credential verification), finance (stablecoin Djed), and governance.
6. Rights and Obligations
  • ADA holders have the right to:
    • Stake ADA (minimum 2 ADA to join a pool, 32 ADA to create a self-built pool) to earn rewards (4-5% annualized).
    • Participate in governance during the Voltaire phase, voting on treasury allocation and protocol upgrades, with weight based on the staked amount.
  • ADA has no direct equity nature; it is purely a utility and governance token.
  • Stakers' obligations are to run a node or delegate to validate transactions and ensure network security.
  • Users must safeguard their private keys, with no central recovery mechanism.
  • The Cardano Foundation and IOHK initially supervised, but control is transferring to the community; rights are limited by the Ouroboros protocol and smart contracts.
  • There is no compulsory obligation, but non-stakers cannot earn rewards or vote.
7. Technology Used
  • ADA uses the Cardano blockchain.
  • Core technologies include:
    • Ouroboros PoS: Divided into the Settlement Layer (SL, transaction records) and the Computation Layer (CC, smart contracts).
    • Plutus: A Turing-complete language based on Haskell, supporting high-security contracts.
    • Asymmetric encryption (Ed25519): Public and private keys protect transactions.
8. Risk Disclosure
  • Risk factors mentioned include:
    • Technical risk: Design flaws in Ouroboros could lead to forks or double-spending.
    • Scalability challenges: Before Hydra is fully deployed, TPS is only 257, which is lower than competitors.
    • Governance risk: Early Voltaire voting may be concentrated among large holders, potentially affecting fairness.
9. Consensus Mechanism
  • Cardano adopts Ouroboros Proof-of-Stake (PoS), the world's first peer-reviewed PoS protocol.
  • The mechanism is divided into Epochs (5 days) and blocks (20 seconds).
  • Key aspects of the mechanism:
    • Stakers (Stake Pool) are randomly selected as leaders to generate blocks.
    • Rewards are distributed based on the staked amount and pool efficiency (4-5% annualized).
    • The protocol has finality and is resistant to 51% attacks (requires control of most ADA).
  • Ouroboros Praos (2018) enhanced randomness; Hydra (planned) uses sharding for parallel processing.
  • Governance is determined by staker votes (Voltaire phase); initial pools were designated by IOHK.
10. Other Relevant Information
  • Other relevant information includes:
    • The Shelley phase, initiating decentralization, launched in 2018; the Alonzo hard fork supporting smart contracts launched in 2021.
    • Application cases include academic credentials for 5 million students in Ethiopia (2021) and a Japanese NFT market (2022).

Bitcoin Disclosure